Hybrid Electric Vehicle

INTRODUCTION

Have you pulled your car up to the gas pump lately and been shocked by the high price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past $20 or $30, maybe you thought about trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have the coolest car on the block.Currently, there is a solution for all this problems; it's the hybrid electric vehicle. The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle. In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own hybrid versions.How does a hybrid car work? What goes on under the hood to give you 20 or 30 more miles per gallon than the standard automobile? And does it pollute less just because it gets better gas mileage. In this seminar we will study how this amazing technology works and also discuss about TOYOTA & HONDA hybrid cars.

WHAT IS A "HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE"?

Any vehicle is hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. In fact, many people have probably owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of its rider.Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids. Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are diesel-electric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.The most commonly used hybrid is gasoline-electric hybrid car which is just a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car. A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. In hybrid electric vehicle the engine is the final source of the energy used to power the car. All electric cars use batteries charged by an external source, leading to the problem of range which is being solved in hybrid electric vehicle.

HYBRID STRUCTURE

You can combine the two power sources found in a hybrid car in different ways. One way, known as a parallel hybrid, has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. But it also has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels.

Paper Battery

Definition

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor , combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.

Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency . Cutting one in half halves its energy production. Stacking them multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5 volt s of electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp

Paper battery offers future power

They have produced a sample slightly larger than a postage stamp that can store enough energy to illuminate a small light bulb. But the ambition is to produce reams of paper that could one day power a car.

Professor Robert Linhardt, of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, said the paper battery was a glimpse into the future of power storage. The team behind the versatile paper, which stores energy like a conventional battery, says it can also double as a capacitor capable of releasing sudden energy bursts for high-power applications.

How a paper battery works

While a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.

Integrated devices

The research appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

"Think of all the disadvantages of an old TV set with tubes," said Professor Linhardt, from the New York-based institute, who co-authored a report into the technology.

"The warm up time, power loss, component malfunction; you don't get those problems with integrated devices. When you transfer power from one component to another you lose energy. But you lose less energy in an integrated device."

The battery contains carbon nanotubes, each about one millionth of a centimetre thick, which act as an electrode. The nanotubes are embedded in a sheet of paper soaked in ionic liquid electrolytes, which conduct the electricity. The flexible battery can function even if it is rolled up, folded or cut. Although the power output is currently modest, Professor Linhardt said that increasing the output should be easy.

Construction and Structure

Construction

A very brief explanation has been provided.

•  Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)

•  Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)

•  Electrolyte: All electrolytes (incl. bio electrolytes like blood, sweat and urine)

•  Separator: Paper (Cellulose)

The process of construction can be understood in the following steps:

•  Firstly, a common Xerox paper of desired shape and size is taken.

•  Next, by conformal coating using a simple Mayer rod method, the specially formulated ink with suitable substrates (known as CNT ink) is spread over the paper sample.

•  The strong capillary force in paper enables high contacting surface area between the paper and nanotubes after the solvent is absorbed and dried out in an oven.

•  A thin lithium film is laminated over the exposed cellulose surface which completes our paper battery. This paper battery is then connected to the aluminum current collectors which connect it to the external load.

•  The working of a paper battery is similar to an electrochemical battery except with the constructional differences.

The paper battery is designed to use a paper-thin sheet of cellulose (which is the major constituent of regular paper, among other things) infused with aligned carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes act as electrodes, allowing the storage devices to conduct electricity. The battery will currently provide a low, steady power output, as well as a supercapacitor’s quick burst of energy. While a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient and lighter.

Hy-Wires

INTRODUCTION

The world today consumes a large amount of energy. Most of the energy requirements are fulfilled using conventional sources of energy. Of this energy consumed, a large part is utilized by the automotive sector. If the people continue using the conventional sources of energy at this rate, the earth will be facing an energy crisis very soon. The introduction of an efficient electric vehicle can greatly improve the conditions of today by helping curb the use of traditional fuels.The Hy-Wire, discussed in this paper, runs on the electricity generated by a hydrogen fuel cell, more accurately called the 'Proton Exchange Membrane' fuel cell. This fuel cell uses hydrogen as a source of fuel. The fuel cell produces dc voltage, which is converted to ac voltage and used to run an ac motor.The by-wire concept removes the mechanical linkages and replaces all of them by wires and electromechanical actuators. This makes the whole vehicle lighter and more spacious. In the Hy-Wire vehicle, the whole system has been modeled into an 11-inch thick chassis. This chassis houses all the electrical components and mechanical components of the vehicle. This lets us make the body in a customized version and also lets us change the chassis architecture with radical new designs.The by-wire system is made practical by the higher voltages inherent in a fuel cell system. The 42-V technology is made use of in this vehicle. It is said to be a luxury car in the sense that it provides the space and visibility that a luxury car does.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. A fuel cell converts the hydrogen and oxygen into water and in the process produces electricity. Such fuel cells, which use hydrogen as a source of fuel, are called hydrogen fuel cells. The other electrochemical device that we are all familiar with is the battery. A battery has all of its chemicals stored inside, and it converts those chemicals into electricity too. This means that a battery eventually goes dead and you either throw it away or recharge it. With a fuel cell, chemicals constantly flow into the cell so it never goes dead - as long as there is a flow of chemicals into the cell, the electricity flows out of the cell.Sir William Grove invented the first fuel cell in 1839. He used dilute sulphuric acid as electrolyte, oxygen as the oxidizing agent and hydrogen as fuel. In 1959, Francis T Bacon came up with an alkaline fuel cell, but it could produce only 5-kilowatt power.A fuel cell produces dc voltage that can be used for various needs. The fuel cells are classified into various types depending upon the electrolyte they use. They are classified as follows: -a) Direct method fuel cellsb) Solid oxide fuel cellsc) Phosphoric acid fuel cellsd) Alkaline fuel cellse) Molten carbonate fuel cells

THE WIRELESS ELECTRICITY BY WiTricity

    ABSTRACT:

Our forefathers marveled at the invention of glowing light bulbs by Thomas Edison in 1879. However, to us 21st centurions, the light bulb is nothing out of the ordinary. When computers, cell phones, laptops, iPods, etc. were invented our antennas tweaked. Now this is what you call invention! However, as time's progressing we are getting used to these devices. In fact, charging all these appliances has become so very cumbersome Each appliance has its own set of chargers, and with every family member owning their cellphones, the drawers are overflowing with all sorts of wires. How many times have you wished if there could be some way to do away with all the wiry lutter? When you are on the way to work and your cellphone beeps in hunger for a battery harge, haven't you wished for your  cellphone attery to get 'self charged'. Well your plight has been heard by doctor 'WiTricity'. 

What is WiTricity? 

WiTricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of electrical energy from one object to another without the use of wires is called as WiTricity. WiTricity will ensure that the cell phones, laptops, iPods and other power hungry devices get charged on their own, eliminating the need of plugging them in. Even better, because of WiTricity some of the devices won't require batteries to operate .

What's the Principle behind  WiTricity?

WiTricity - Wireless Electricity, these words are simpler said than done. The concept behind this fascinating term is a little complex. However, if you want to understand it, try and picture what I state in the next few lines. Consider two self resonating copper coils of same resonating frequency with a diameter 20 inches each. One copper wire is connected to the power source WiTricity transmitter), while the other copper wire is connected to the device (WiTricity Receiver).

The electric power from the power source causes the copper coil connected to it to start oscillating at a particular (MHz) frequency. Subsequently, the space around the copper coil gets filled with nonmagnetic radiations. This generated magnetic field  further transfers the power to the other copper coil connected to the receiver. Since this coil is also of the same frequency, it starts oscillating at the same frequency as the first coil. This is known as ‘coupled resonance' and is the principle behind WiTricity.                                    

                                                           

The Brain behind WiTricity? 

Prof. Marin soljacicfromMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), is the one who has proved that magnetic coupled resonance can be utilized in order to transfere nergy without wires. What's even more interesting is how he came about this idea. Soljacic, just like any of us was fed up of his 'low battery' beeping cell phone anwondered just like any of us if there was a way to get rid of this 'charging problem'. However, here is where the difference between Soljacic and any of us comes in. He didn't just stand there wondering, instead he tried to figure out if there existed any physical phenomenon which could be of some help. He remembered Michael Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction (1831) and used it to come up with WiTricity.

                        

MIT's Experiment: 

In 2007, Marin Soljacic led a five member team of researchers at MIT (funded by Army Research Office, National Science foundation and the Department of Energy) and experimentally demonstrated transfer of electricity without the use of wires. These researchers were able to light a 60W bulb from a source placed seven feet away, with absolutely no physical contact between the bulb and the power source.  The first copper coil (24 inches in diameter) was connected to the Power source and the second was connected to the bulb, and were Made to resonate at a frequency of 10 MHz. The bulb glowed even when different objects (like a wooden panel) were placed between the two coils. The system worked with 40% efficiency and the power that wasn't utilized remained in the vicinity of the transmitter itself, and did not radiate to the surrounding environment.

                                                                                       

  Is WiTricity a New Concept? 

No, this concept of wireless electricity is not new. In fact it dates back to the 19th century, when Nikola Tesla used conduction- based systems instead of resonance magnetic fields to transfer wireless power. Further, in 2005, Dave Gerding coined the term WiTricity which is being used by the MIT researchers today.  Moreover, we all are aware of the use of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) which is quite well known for wireless transfer of Information. In addition, lasers have also been used to transmit energy without wires. However, radio waves are not feasible for power transmissions because the nature of the radiation is such tha it spreads across the place, resulting into a large amount of radiations being wasted. And in the case of lasers, apart from requirement of uninterrupted line of sight (obstacles hinders the  transmission process), it is also very dangerous.  

                                                          

 Why was WiTricity not developed before?

 It is often said 'necessity is the best teacher' and can be applied in this case as well. Only in this century, has the need for wireless electricity emerged so rapidly, spearheaded by the agony caused by the cumbersome charging of endless devices. Earlier people didn't

need it, so they didn't think about it.

 

How safe is WiTricity?        

Human beings or other objects placed between the transmitter and receiver do not hinder the transmission of power. However, does magnetic coupling or resonance coupling have any harmful effects on humans? MIT's researchers are quite confident that  WiTricity's 'coupling resonance' is safe for humans. They say that the magnetic fields tend to interact very weakly with the biological tissues of the body, and so are not  pre one to cause any damage to any living beings. 

   What's the Future of WiTricity? 

MIT's WiTricity is only 40 to 45% efficient and according to Solace,

they have to be twice as efficient to compete with  the traditional chemical batteries. The team's next aim is to get a robotic vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed anywhere in the room and even robots on factory floors. The researchers are  also urrently working on the health issues related to this concept and have said that in another three to five years time, they will come up with a WiTricity system for commercial use.  WiTricity, if successful will definitely change the way we live. Imagine cell phones, laptops, digital camera's getting self charged! Wow! Let's hope the researchers will be able to come up with the commercial system soon. Till then, we wait in anticipation!

Conclusion:

                           The  wictricity i.e. the wireless electricity is more useful to our daily life to charging our mobiles,laptops,digital camera’s etc.

Technology History Facts

The first hard drive by IBM

The first hard drive was made by IBM in 1956 and was called IBM Model 350 Disk File. The first-generation storage unit was huge, with a cabinet the size of a cupboard that held 50 24-inch disks and held an impressive 5MB of data.

 RadioShack

RadioShack was one of the first companies to start the PC revolution in the mid 70′s with its TRS-80.

What most people don’t know is that RadioShack used to be called “Tandy Radio Shack & Leather” after it was acquired by Tandy, a leather goods company, in 1963

.

The first palmtop computer

The Atari Portfolio was released in 1989 and was the world’s first palmtop computer. Two years later it appeared in the film Terminator 2, where it was used by John Connor to hack an ATM and retrieve the key to the vault in the Cyberdyne lab.

 

The first mouse

Many think the first mouse was invented in 1970 at Xerox PARC. However, the first mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1963. It was a wooden shell with two metal wheels.

The digital circuit

Claude Shannon, the “Father of information theory”, invented the digital circuit when he was only 21, during his master’s degree.
Shannon loved inventions – check out his “Ultimate Machine“. When you turn on the switch, an arm pops out and turns it back off.

 The Apolo 11 computers

How powerful were the computers that took us to the moon? Turns out that the Apolo 11 computers had less processing power than a modern cellphone!

Full Form of Companies and Corporations

ABC	American Broadcasting Company
AMD	Advanced Micro Devices
AOL	America Online
APC	American Power Conversion
AT&T	American Telephone and Telegraph Company
BenQ	Bringing Enjoyment N Quality
BHW	Bell & Howell Company
BMW	Bayerische Motoren Werke
HCL	Hindustan computer limited
HMT	Hindustan Machine Tools
HP	Hewlett Packard
HSBC	Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Hyundai	Connotes the sense of “the present age” or “modernity” in Korean.
IBM	International Business Machines
IMDB	Internet Movie Data Base
KFC	Kentucky Fried Chicken
L&T	Larsen & Toubro Limited
LG	Lucky Goldstar
OAB	Oman Arab Bank
QGC	Questar Gas Company
RIM	Research In Motion
TCS	TATA Consultancy Services
UPS	United Parcel Service
WD	Western Digital
ZMS	Zhone Management System
MS	MicroSoft
Intel	Integrated Electronics
Lenovo	From the blend of two words “Le” and “novo”
Compaq	Compatibility and Quality
EA	Electronic Arts
Honda	From the name of its founder, Soichiro Honda.
Audi	From the surname of the founder August Horch (Audi, in Latin)
FIAT	Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino
Accenture	Derived from ”Accent on the future”
Acer	“sharp, acute, able and facile” in Latin
eBay	Orgin from “ Echo Bay”
Adidas	From the name of the founder Adolf (Adi) Dassler.
Adobe	From the Adobe Creek that ran behind the house of co-founder John Warnock.
Akai	From the named for its founder, Saburo Akai.
Asus	Named after Pegasus, the winged horse of Greek mythology.
ATI	Array Technologies Incorporated
Blaupunkt	Blaupunkt in German means “ Blue dot ”
Boeing	Named after founder William E. Boeing.
Bosch	Named after founder Robert Bosch
Bose	Named after its founder Amar G. Bose
BP	British Petroleum
Bridgestone	Named after founder Shojiro Ishibashi. Ishibashi means “stone bridge”
BSA	Birmingham Small Arms Company
BT	British Telecommunications
Buick	Named for its founder, David Dunbar Buick
Bull	Named after its  founder, Fredrik Rosing Bull
Bultaco	From the name of its founder, Paco Bultó.
Canon	Derived from the name of the company’s first camera, the Kwanon
Casio	From the name of its founder, Kashio Tadao
Chevrolet	Named after company co-founder Louis Chevrolet
Chrysler	Named after the company founder, Walter P. Chrysler
Cisco	Short for San Francisco
Coca-Cola	Derived from the coca leaves and kola nuts used as flavoring
Corel	Cowpland Research Laboratory
Cray	Named after its founder, Seymour Cray.
Daewoo	Means Great Universe in korean
Dell	Named after its founder, Michael Dell
DHL	Named after its founders, Adrian ‘D’alsey, Larry ‘H’illblom, and Robert ‘L’ynn
Digg	From “ Diggnation ”
Ericsson	Named after its founder Lars Magnus Ericsson
Epson	Named from “Son of Electronic Printer”
Esso	The enunciation of the initials S.O. in Standard Oil of New Jersey
Fazer	Named after its founder, Karl Fazer.
AmEx	American Express
BPL	British Physical Laboratories
FedEx	Federal Express
Ferrari	From the name of its founder, Enzo Ferrari.
Fluke	Named after its founder, John Fluke, Sr.
Ford	Named after its founder, Henry Ford
Fuji	Named after Mount Fuji, the highest mountain in Japan.
Garmin	Named after its founders, Gary Burrell and Dr. Min Kao.
Hitachi	Old place name, literally “ sunrise”
Honeywell	From the name of Mark Honeywell, founder of Honeywell Heating Specialty Co
Hotmail	“HoTMaiL” included the letters HTML
HTC	High Tech Computer Corporation
IKEA	A composite of Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd.
Infosys	Information Systems
JBL	From the name of its founder, James B Lansing.
JVC	Japan Victor Company
Kawasaki	From the name of its founder, Shozo Kawasaki
Kenworth	Named after the two principal stockholders Harry Kent and Edgar Worthington.
Kodak	From the letter K, the favourte letter of Gorge Eastman (Founder)
Komatsu	From the city of Komatsu, Ishikawa, where it was founded in 1917.
Korg	Named from the surnames of the founders, Tsutomu Katoh and Tadashi Osanai, combined with the letters “rg” from the word organ
KUKA	Germany as Keller Und Knappich Augsburg, it shortened its name to KUKA.
Kyocera	From Kyoto Ceramics, after Kyoto in Japan.
Lexmark	From Lexington Marketing.
McDonalds	From the name of the brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald, who founded the first McDonald’s
Mitsubishi	Mitsu means three and hishi (changing to bishi in the middle of the word) means diamond (the shape)
Mercedes-Benz	The  two companies Mercedes(DMG) and Benz & Cie merge to form Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes	From the first name of the daughter of Emil Jellinek
Motorola	From Motor and Victrola - as originally they made car radios
MRF	Madras Rubber Factory
Napster	Named after Fanning’s hairstyle-based nickname
NEC	Nippon Electric Company
Nero	Nero Burning ROM named after Nero burning Rome
Nestle	Named after its founder, Henri Nestlé
Nike	Named for the Greek goddess of victory
Nikon	The original name was Nippon Kogaku, meaning “Japanese Optical”
Nintendo	From nintendou, (nin) can be translated as to “entrusted”; ten-dou means “heaven”
Nissan	The company was earlier known by the name Nippon Sangyo which means “Japan Industries”
Nokia	From the finnish city of Nokia
BCCI	The Bahrain Chamber of Commerce & Industry
Onkyo	Translates as “sound harmony”
Osram	From osmium and wolfram
Oracle	The name Oracle comes from the code name of a CIA project
Peugeot	Named after Emile Peugeot
Philips	From the name of the founders Gerard Philips and Anton  Philips
Piaggio	Named after founder Rinaldo Piaggio
Pixar	From pixel and the co-founder’s name, Alvy Ray Smith
Porsche	Named after founder Ferdinand Porsche
Red-Hat	Founder Marc Ewing use to wear a red cap
Reebok	Name comes from the Afrikaans spelling of rhebok, a type of African antelope
Renault	Named after the founder Louis Renault
NIIT	National Institute of Information Technology
Rolls-Royce	From the surnames of the company founders, Henry Royce and Charles Rolls
Samsonite	Named from the Biblical character Samson, renowned for his strength
Samsung	Meaning three stars in Korean
Sanyo	Meaning three oceans in Japanese
Sennheiser	Named after one of its founders, Fritz Sennheiser.
Sharp	Company named from its first product, an ever-sharp pencil
Siemens	From the name of the founders Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske
Sony	From the Latin word ‘sonus’ meaning sound
Sprint	Southern Pacific Railroad Intelligent Network of Telecommunications.
Suzuki	From the name of its founder, Michio Suzuki
Tata	Named after Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata
Toshiba	Named from the merger of consumer goods company Tokyo Denki (Tokyo Electric Co) and electrical firm Shibaura Seisaku-sho
OP	Ocean Pacific
Toyota	From the name of the founder, Sakichi Toyoda.
Verizon	A portmanteau of ‘ver’itas (Latin for truth) and hor‘izon’
Vodafone	From Voice, Data, Telefone
Volvo	From the Latin word volvo, which means “ I roll ”
Volkswagen	From the German for people’s car
Wal-Mart	Named after founder Sam Walton
Wipro	From Western India Products
Yamaha	Named after the founder Torakusu Yamaha
IFB	Indian Fine Blanks
JCB	J C Bamford Excavators
VSNL	Videsh Sanchaar Nigam Limited
SSC	Swedish Space Corporation
WWE	World Wrestling Entertainment
ACS	Affiliated Computer Services
TVS	From the name of the founder T. V. Sundaram Iyengar
IFC	International Finance Corporation
ALCO	American Locomotive Company
Alcoa	Aluminum Company of America
HAL	Home Automated Living
MTS	Manitoba Telecom Services
MTS	Mobile TeleSystems
APS	Arizona Public Service
EETC	Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company
TGT	Tennessee Gas Transmission
ITC	Imperial Tobacco Company
ACC	Associated Cement Companies
STPI	Singapore Tyler Print Institute
TISCO	Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
UGC	Unipart Group of Companies
MMS	Matra Marconi Space
TI	Tube Investments
TI	Texas Instruments
Ducati	From the family name of the founders “Ducati”
Harley-Davidson	From the name of its founders William S. Harley ,Arthur  and Walter Davidson
VISA	From the Latin word “charta visa” (verified paper, lit. “paper that has been seen”)
CWT	Carlson Wagonlit Travel
FIC	First International Computer
NDTV	New Delhi Television
GFI	Game Factory Interactive
MG	Morris Garages
Exide	Excellent Oxide
CV	Convair
PG	Procter & Gamble
DoCoMo	DO COmmunications over the MObile network
RCA	Radio Corporation of America
ITI	International Training Institute
HSC	Harsco Corporation
IFSC	International Financial Services Centre
BCG	Boston Consulting Group
LnT	Larsen and Toubro
DML	Devonport Management Limited
MMTS	Mechanical and Machine Tool Services
Amazon	Bezos wanted a name for his company that began with “A” and he took the name Amazon
CERN	Cerner Corporation
TM	Telekom Malaysia
IPC	Iraq Petroleum Company
CTS	Cognizant Technology Solutions
DCP	Disney Consumer Products
NSC	Norfolk Southern Corporation
NSC	Nihon Suido Consultants Co
CCE	Coca-Cola Enterprises
ADB	Advanced Digital Broadcast
AMUL	Anand Milk Union Limited
CNBC	China National Biotech Corporation
AID	All Interactive Distribution
IFFCO	Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited
IAG	Insurance Australia Group
UPA	United Productions of America
KTN	Kenya Television Network
EDO	From the name  of its founder, Earl Dodge Osborn
GM	General Motors
KT	Korea Telecom
MSI	Micro-Star International
IAB	Interactive Advertising Bureau
AGS	Australian Government Solicitor
MDH	Mahashian Di Hatti
NEP	Nationwide Express Parcels
NEP	China North East Petroleum
TELCO	TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company
Telco	Telephone Company
ICE	Iron Crown Enterprises
CAL	Copyright Agency Limited
CARE	Credit Analysis & Research Limited
SITA	South African State Information Technology Agency
TAFE	Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited
KISCO	Kudremukh Iron and Steel Company
CGL	Crompton Greaves Limited
PVR	Priya Village Roadshow
ETC	Electronic Theatre Controls
JMI	Japan Market Intelligence
GSFC	Gujarat Stare Fertilizers and Chemicals
LHB	Linke Hofmann Busch
FMG	Fortescue Metals Group
DTDC	Desk to Desk Courier & Cargo
SVGA	System Video Graphics Alliance
AIRD	Associates for International Resources and Development
KJC	Kramer Junction Company
TSI	Town Sports International
NDPL	North Delhi Power Limited
TPI	Travel Professionals International
GmbH	Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (Limited Liability Company)
PSC	Publishing Software Company
ICD	Indian Creek Designs
MES	Marconi Electronic Systems
IPTV	Iowa Public Television
MNC	Multinational Corporation
MNC	Media Nusantara Citra
DLF	Delhi Lease & Finance
ADL	Arthur D. Little
ADL	Arctic Digital Ltd
SKF	Svenska Kullagerfabriken
ESIC	EasyLink Services International Corporation
RmKV	Rm.K.Viswanatha Pillai
VLCC	Vandana Luthra Curls and Curves
MTR	The Mavalli Tiffin Room
APCPDCL	Andhra Pradesh Central Power Distribution Company Limited
DMG	Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (Daimler Motors Corporation)
DMG	Demon Music Group
EEG	Emperor Entertainment Group
RAC	Republic Aviation Corporation
BALCO	Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative
BALCO	Bharat Aluminium Company
IBBM	Institute of Bankers Malaysia
MPCB	Malaysia Pacific Corporation Berhad
MFIL	Merger of Modern Food Industries Limited
MFIL	Mahindra Ford India Limited
MFIL	Modern Fibotex India Limited
RPSC	Raytheon Polar Services Company
Xerox	The name was taken from the term Xerography means “dry writing”
TDS	Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
CEAT	Cavi Elettrici e Affini Torino  (Electrical Cables and Allied Products of Turin)
VIA	Very Innovative Architecture
Viacom	Video & Audio Communications
Cipla	Chemical, Industrial & Pharmaceutical Laboratories
NPCL	Noida Power Company Limited
BHFL	Birla Home Finance Limited
BHFL	Barrett Hussey Financial Limited
EDGW	Edgewater Technology
DPEP	Delta Private Equity Partners
LML	Lohia Machines Limited
IIAS	International Internet Advertising Services

6 Effective Ways To Use LinkedIn To Build Your Business

When it comes to social media that’s geared toward the business world, LinkedIn is a working professional’s one-stop networking shop. With business networking at its heart, it’s no wonder that an array of business professionals use LinkedIn everyday to make important connections that help their companies grow.

So, what are some ways you can use LinkedIn to help promote your company, make lifelong connections, and build your business?

Make Your Profile Count

First impressions go a long way in the business world and the same is true for the world of LinkedIn too. So, take time to create a compelling and professional profile that truly speaks to your business. Your LinkedIn profile is the first thing visitors see when they land on your page, so don’t waste a golden opportunity to impress.

In addition, LinkedIn and SEO are essentially online business partners, which makes your profile that much more important. Why? Because LinkedIn is highly search engine optimized, so every time someone searches you or your LinkedIn business page, your profile is the first thing they see in the search results.

Get Your Heading and Title Right

If you don’t represent yourself in the most straightforward way possible, your business is going to have trouble growing. LinkedIn puts a lot of emphasis on your professional heading and title, so make sure the two elements work together to represent you and your business aspirations in the most complimentary way

In other words, skip the fancy corporate jargon and let visitors know exactly what it is you do. If you’re a digital marketing consultant, that’s all you have to say in the heading. Elaboration is fine and perfectly acceptable in the title, which is where you’ll tell others you’re also a social media expert and small business marketer.

Recommendations go a Long Way

Not only do recommendations prove to others that your business is a reputable one, they also directly help your LinkedIn presence grow. And, the best way to gather a strong backing of recommendations is to simply ask for them. But, with asking comes some technique, common sense, and a little LinkedIn business etiquette.

For recommendations, make sure you tailor your recommendation request to each person specifically and don’t ask for requests from LinkedIn subscribers that can’t directly speak to your work ethic. Likewise, recommending others in return is a great way to keep the mutually beneficial business cycle that’s LinkedIn going.

Make Worthwhile Connections

Making connections for connection sake will get you nowhere fast in the LinkedIn business world, so try to make business connections that count. LinkedIn includes a “People You May Already Know” tool that’s great for making meaningful connections, but use it sparingly and do a little research on your own.

Likewise, it’s important to keep up with the LinkedIn contacts you already have by updating your contact page and consistently updating your business page as well. Once your LinkedIn connections increase, you’ll have to search for laptop deals because your business will grow so fast you’ll need computers for all your new employees.

Get Your Employees Involved

Speaking of new employees, getting your business’s employees involved with LinkedIn is an effective way for your company to grow. Not only does it show the LinkedIn business world that your company is legitimate and successful, it also increases the exposure of your business.

Just keep in mind that your employees should follow the same profile protocol as your business itself. Make sure the titles, headings, and even profile pictures of your employees speak to the caliber of your business. And, while you’re at it, encourage employees to make their own connections to better everyone’s LinkedIn presence.

Join and Create Groups

Although LinkedIn is for the business-minded world, within LinkedIn are specific business groups for certain areas of focus within the business arena. And, joining a LinkedIn group is an effective way to build your business and its authority by making relevant, thought-provoking comments on discussion postings.

Likewise, taking the time to create your own business group will skyrocket your LinkedIn presence. Not only does it give your business the opportunity to start relevant discussions on topics important to your brand, it gives other like-minded connections the opportunity to join a specific business group that might otherwise not exist.

LinkedIn is a great tool for building your personal and professional world, so follow some of the tips above, keep making connections, and watch your business grow.